F1-管理學(xué)術(shù)語英漢對照解釋（14）

Foundations o f behavior

1、Behavior ：行為

The actions of people.

人們的活動。

2、Organizational behavior ：組織行為學(xué)

The actions of people at work.

人們在工作中的活動。

3、Attitudes ：態(tài)度

Evaluative statements . either favorable or unfavorable . concerning objects . people，or events.

指對于物體，人物和事件的評價性陳述，這種陳述可以是贊同的也可以是反對的。

4、Cognitive component ：認(rèn)知成分

The part of attitude that‘s made up of the beliefs ， opinions ， knowledge ， or information held by a person.

由一個人所持有的信念，觀點，知識或信息構(gòu)成。

5、Affective component ：情感成分

The part of an attitude that‘s the emotional or feeling part.

是態(tài)度中的情緒或感受部分。

6、Behavioral component：行為成分

The part of an attitude that refers to an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something.

指個人以某種方式對某人或某事做出行動的意向。

7、Job satisfaction ：工作滿意度

The degree to which an employee identifies with his or her job ， actively participates in it ， and considers his or her job performance to be important to self-worth.

員工對自己工作的總體態(tài)度。指的是員工認(rèn)同自己的工作，積極參與工作，把工作績效視為個人價值的體現(xiàn)的程度。

8、Organizational commitment ：組織承諾

An employee‘s orientation toward the organization in terms of his or her loyalty to ， identification with ， and involvement in the organization.

代表了員工的組織取向，指的是他們對組織的忠誠度、認(rèn)可程度及參與程度。

9、Organizational citizenship behavior （OCB） ：組織公民行為

Discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee‘s formal job requirements but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization.

它指的是一種員工自由決定的行為，不包括在員工的正式工作要求當(dāng)中，但它無疑會促進(jìn)組織的有效性。

10、Cognitive dissonance ：認(rèn)知失調(diào)

Any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.

指的是態(tài)度之間以及態(tài)度與行為之間存在的任何不協(xié)調(diào)或不一致。

11、Attitude surveys ：態(tài)度調(diào)查

Surveys that elicit responses from employees through questions about their jobs ， work groups ， supervisors ， or the organization.

給員工列出一系列的陳述或問題，用于了解他們對于自己的工作小組上級主管或組織的感覺。

12、Personality ：人格

The unique combination of psychological traits that describes a person.

是我們以描述這個人所具備的獨特心理特質(zhì)的總和。

13、Big-five model ：大五人格模型

Five-factor model of personality that includes extaversion ， agreeableness ， conscientiousness ， emotional stability ， and openness to experience.

這五項人格的特質(zhì)是：外傾性、隨和性、責(zé)任意識、情緒穩(wěn)定性、經(jīng)驗的開放性。

14、Emotional intelligence（EI） ：情緒智力

An assortment of noncognitive skills ， capabilities ， and competencies that influence a person‘s ability with environmental demands and pressures.

屬于一種非認(rèn)知的技能、潛能和素質(zhì)范疇，它影響到一個人能否成功地面隊環(huán)境的要求與壓力。

15、Locus of control ：控制點

The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate.

指這些人相信他們掌握著自己的命運。

16、Machiavellianism ：馬基雅維里主義

A measure of the degree to which people are pragmatic ， maintain emotional distance ， and believe that ends justify means.

講求現(xiàn)實，對人保持著情感的距離，相信結(jié)果能替手段辯護(hù)。

17、Self-esteem ：自尊

An individual‘s degree of like or dislike for himself or herself.

人們在喜愛或不喜愛自己的程度上存在差異。

18、Self-monitoring ：自我監(jiān)控

A personality trait that measures an individual‘s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external situational factors.

指的是個體根據(jù)外部情境因素調(diào)整自己行為的能力。

19、Perception ：知覺

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory impressions in order to give meaning to the environment.

是個體為了自己所在的環(huán)境賦予意義而組織和解釋自己的感覺印象的過程。

20、Attribution theory ：歸因理論

A theory used to explain how we judge people differently depending on the meaning we attribution a given behavior.

由于我們對某一特定行為做出的歸因不同，因而影響到我們對個體的判斷也十分不同。

21、Fundamental attribution error ：基本歸因錯誤

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.

指判斷他人的行為時，盡管有充分的事實依據(jù)，但我們總是帶有一定的傾向性，即低估外部因素的影響并高估內(nèi)部或個人因素的影響。

22、Self-serving bias ：自我服務(wù)偏見

The process by which people assimilate certain bits and pieces of what they observe ， depending on their interests ， external factors.

指自己的成功歸因于內(nèi)部因素如能力或努力，而把自己的失敗歸結(jié)為外部因素如運氣。

23、Selectivity ：有選擇地接受

The process by which people assimilate bits and pieces of what hey observe ， depending on their interests ， background ， and attitudes.

觀察者依據(jù)自己的興趣、背景、過去經(jīng)驗和態(tài)度進(jìn)行主動的選擇的結(jié)果。

24、Assumed similarity ：假設(shè)相似性

The belief that others are like oneself.

相信與我們類似的人。

25、Stereotyping ：刻板印象

Judging a person on the basis of one‘s perception of a group to which he or she belongs.

以個體所在的團(tuán)體為基礎(chǔ)判斷某人。

26、Halo effect：暈輪效應(yīng)

A general impression of an individual based on a single characteristic.

我們根據(jù)某人的某種特征而形成對其的總體印象。

27、Learning ：學(xué)習(xí)

Any relatively permanent change voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.

由于經(jīng)驗的結(jié)果而帶來行為中出現(xiàn)的比較持久的變化。

28、Operant conditioning ：操作性條件反射

A tape of learning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.

人們通過學(xué)習(xí)行為而獲得他們想要的東西并逃避他們不想要的東西。

29、Social learning theory ：社會學(xué)習(xí)理論

A theory of learning that says people can learn through observation and direct experience.

可以通過觀察和直接經(jīng)驗進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)的觀點。

30、Shaping behavior ：行為塑造

The process of systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired behavior.

通過循序漸進(jìn)的方式指導(dǎo)個體的學(xué)習(xí)，塑造個體的行為。

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