F1-管理學(xué)術(shù)語英漢對照解釋（9）

Planning Tools and Techniques

1. environmental scanning : 環(huán)境掃描

The screening of large amounts of information to anticipate and environment.

收集大量的環(huán)境信息，以便預(yù)測和解釋環(huán)境正在發(fā)生的變化。

2. competitor intelligence: 競爭對手情報

Environmental scanning activity that seeks to identify who competitors are, what they are doing, and how their actions will affect the organization.

環(huán)境掃描的活動，它試圖識別誰是競爭者，他們在做什么，競爭對手的行動將對組織產(chǎn)生什么影響。

3. forecasts : 預(yù)測

Predictions of outcomes.

對結(jié)果的預(yù)計。

4. quantitative forecasting : 定量預(yù)測

Forecasting that applies a set of mathematical rules to a series of past data to predict outcomes.

運用一組數(shù)學(xué)規(guī)則，根據(jù)過去的數(shù)據(jù)序列來預(yù)測未來的一種預(yù)測。

5. qualitative forecasting: 定性預(yù)測

Forecasting that uses the judgment and opinions of knowledgeable individuals to predict outcomes.

運用判斷和根據(jù)熟悉情況的人員的意見來預(yù)測結(jié)果的一種預(yù)測。

6. benchmarking : 標(biāo)桿比較

The search for the best practices among competitors or noncompetitors that lead to their superior performance.

尋求那些具有杰出績效的競爭對手或非競爭對手的至佳實踐。

7. resources : 資源

The assets of the organization including financial, physical, human, intangible, and structural/cultural.

一個組織的資產(chǎn)，它包括財務(wù)資源、物質(zhì)資源、人力資源、無形資產(chǎn)，還有結(jié)構(gòu)/文化資源。

8. budget: 預(yù)算

A numerical plan for allocating resources to specific activities.

一種數(shù)字性的計劃，用以對特定的活動分配資源。

9. scheduling : 排程

Detailing what activities have to be done, the order in which they are to be completed, who is to do each, and when they are to be completed.

詳細明確從事什么活動，哪些訂單需要完成，誰來完成，什么時間完成。

10. Gannt chart : 甘特圖

A scheduling chart developed by Henry Gannt that shows actual and planned output over a period of time.

亨利.甘特開發(fā)的一種排程圖，表示整個期間上的計劃產(chǎn)出與實際產(chǎn)出。

11. load chart: 負荷圖

A modified Gantt chart that schedules capacity by entire department or specific resources.

一種改進的甘特圖，它具有能列出全部部門或者是特定的資源的能力。

12. PERT network: PERT 網(wǎng)絡(luò)

A flowchartlike diagram showing the sequence of activities needed to complete a project and the time or costs associated with each..

一種流程型的圖形，它描述了項目活動的順序和時間，有時還加入相應(yīng)的成本數(shù)據(jù)。

13. events: 事件

End points that represent the completion of major activities in a PERT network.

PERT網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖中一個代表主要活動的完成的節(jié)點。

14. activities: 活動

The time or resources needed to progress from one event to another in a PERT network..

在PERT網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖中代表了從一個事件到另一個事件的進展，它需要花費時間和耗費資源。

15. slack time: 松弛時間

The amount of time an individual activity can be delayed without delaying the whole project.

單個活動在不影響整個項目完工期的前提下可能被推遲完成的時間。

16. critical path: 關(guān)鍵路線

The longest sequence of events and activities in a PERT network..

PERT網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖中占用時間至長的一系列相互銜接的事件。

17. breakeven analysis：盈虧平衡分析

A technique for identifying the point at which total revenue is just sufficient to cover total costs.

一種用以確定盈虧平衡點，即哪一點上全部投入真好彌補全部成本的技術(shù)。

18. linear programming: 線性規(guī)劃

A mathematical technique that solves resource allocation problems.

一種解決資源分配問題的數(shù)學(xué)技術(shù)。

19. project: 項目

A one-time-only set of activities that has a definite beginning and ending point in time.

一次性的一組活動，它具有明確的開始時間和結(jié)束時間。

20. project management: 項目管理

The task of getting a project’s activities done on time ,within budget, and according to specifications.

使項目活動按時間進行、不突破預(yù)算和符合規(guī)范的一種管理活動。

21. scenario: 腳本

A consistent view of what the future is likely to be.

對未來可能是什么樣的一種一貫的觀點。

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