F1-管理學(xué)術(shù)語英漢對照解釋（6）

Decision Making: The Essence of the Manager’s Job

1、decision: 決策

A choice from two or more alternatives.

在兩個或更多的方案中做出一個選擇。

2、decision—making process: 決策制定過程

A set of eight steps including identifying a problem, selecting an alternative, and evaluating the decision’s effectiveness.

一個包括識別問題，選擇備案方案以及至終評估決策的結(jié)果等8個步驟的過程。

3、problem: 問題

A discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs.

現(xiàn)狀與希望狀態(tài)之間的差異。

4、decision criteria: 決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

criteria that define what’s relevant in a decision.

決定什么與制定決策有關(guān)。

5、implementation: 實施

Conveying a decision to those affected and getting their commitment to it.

將決策傳送給有關(guān)的人員和部門，并要求他們對實施結(jié)果做出承諾。

6、rational decision—making : 理性決策制定

Describes choices that are consistent and value-maximizing within specified constraints.

前后一致的，追求特定條件下價值化的選擇。

7、bounded rationality : 有限理性

Decision—making Behavior that is rational, but limited (bounded) by an individual’s ability to process information.

決策行為表現(xiàn)出有限程度的理性，因為其受制于個人處理信息能力的局限性。

8、satisficing : 滿意

Acceptance of solutions that are “good enough”.

所接受的決策方案只是“足夠好”的。

9、escalation of commitment: 承諾升級：

An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong.

一種在過去決策的基礎(chǔ)上不斷增加承諾的現(xiàn)象，盡管有證據(jù)表明，已經(jīng)做出的決策是錯誤的。

10、intuitive decision--making: 直覺決策

making decision on the basis of experience feeling and accumulated judgment.

基于決策者的經(jīng)驗，感覺以及積累的判斷所做出的決策。

11、well—structured problems: 結(jié)構(gòu)良好的問題

Straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems.

一目了然的，熟悉的，容易定義的問題。

12、programmed decision: 程序化決策

A repetitive decision that can be handled by a routine approach.

可以通過例行措施處理的、可重復(fù)性使用的決策方案。

13、procedure: 程序

A series of interrelated sequential steps that can be used to respond to a well—structured problem.

相互關(guān)聯(lián)的一系列順序的步驟，管理者遵循這些步驟對結(jié)構(gòu)化的問題做出響應(yīng)。

14、rule: 規(guī)則

An explicit statement that tells managers what they can or cannot do.

一種明確的陳述，它告訴管理者能做什么和不能做什么。

15、policy: 政策

A guideline that establishes parameters for making decisions.

確立一些參數(shù)，為決策提供指南。

16、poorly structured problems: 結(jié)構(gòu)不良的問題：

Problems that are new or unusual and for which information is ambiguous or incomplete.

新穎的，不經(jīng)常發(fā)生的，信息模糊的和不完整的問題。

17、nonprogrammed decisions: 非程序化決策

a unique decision that requires a custom—made solution.

唯一的，現(xiàn)裁現(xiàn)做的來解決問題的決策。

18、certainty : 確定性

A situation in which a manager can make accurate decisions because all outcomes are known.

在這種情況下管理者可以制定出精確的決策，因為每一種方案的結(jié)果是已知的。

19、risk: 風(fēng)險性

Those conditions in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood of certain outcomes.

在這種條件下，決策者能夠估計出每一種備擇方案的可能性或者結(jié)果。

20、Uncertainty : 不確定性

A situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probability. estimates available.

在這種情況下，決策制定者既不能肯定它的結(jié)果又不能對概率做出合理的估計。

21、directive style : 命令型風(fēng)格

A decision-making style characterized by low tolerance for ambiguity and a rational way of thinking.

具有較低的模糊承受力的人運(yùn)用理性的思維方法的一種決策制定風(fēng)格。

23、conceptual style : 概念型風(fēng)格

A decision—making style characterized by a high tolerance for ambiguity and an intuitive way of thinking.

具有較高的模糊承受力的人運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的思維方法的一種決策制定風(fēng)格。

24、behavioral style : 行為型風(fēng)格

A decision—making style characterized by a low tolerance for ambiguity and an intuitive way of thinking.

具有較低的模糊承受力的人運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的思維方法的一種決策制定風(fēng)格。

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